Abbreviations in the notes: ANF is Ante-Nicene Fathers, edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe; NPNF1 and NPNF2 are Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, edited by Philip Schaff, and Second Series, edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (all three series: Christian Literature Publishing Co.; public domain, free at newadvent.org and ccel.org). A canon or council cited "(NPNF2 14)" is in Percival, The Seven Ecumenical Councils; a canon cited to The Rudder is in the Cummings translation listed under Rudder; PG is Patrologia Graeca.
All Saints of North America Orthodox Church (Hamilton, Ontario). "Clergy Etiquette: Addressing Clergy and Monastics in the Church." https://www.asna.ca/2020/clergy-etiquette-addressing-clergy-and-monastics-in-the-church.
Ambrose of Milan. Letters. NPNF2 10. (public domain)
Apostolic Constitutions (Constitutions of the Holy Apostles). Translated by James Donaldson. ANF 7, 1886. (public domain)
Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America. "2010 Message of the Assembly of Bishops." assemblyofbishops.org.
———. "Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Monasteries Now Available." February 11, 2016.
———. "Bishops and Parishes of the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States." Map, parishes as of July 1, 2018.
———. "Jurisdictions." Directory. assemblyofbishops.org.
———. "Map of Bishops in the USA." assemblyofbishops.org.
———. "Parishes." Directory. assemblyofbishops.org/directories/parishes.
Athanasius of Alexandria. Festal Letter 39. NPNF2 4, 1892. (public domain)
———. Life of Antony. NPNF2 4, 1892. (public domain)
———. On the Incarnation. NPNF2 4, 1892. (public domain)
Augsburg Confession. 1530. (public domain)
Augustine of Hippo. City of God. NPNF1 2. (public domain)
———. Letters. NPNF1 1. (public domain)
———. On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins, and on the Baptism of Infants. NPNF1 5, 1887. (public domain)
Baptist Faith and Message. Southern Baptist Convention, 2000.
Barrett, Richard. "The Typika Psalms and Beatitudes: A Liturgical Opportunity." Orthodox Arts Journal, September 11, 2017.
Bartholomew, Ecumenical Patriarch. "Continuity and Renewal." Greeting to the Third Academic Meeting between Orthodoxy and Judaism, March 20, 1993.
Basil the Great. Hexaemeron. NPNF2 8, 1895. (public domain)
———. Letters. Translated by Blomfield Jackson. NPNF2 8, 1895. (public domain)
———. On the Holy Spirit. Translated by Blomfield Jackson. NPNF2 8, 1895. (public domain)
Belonick, Steven. "Blessing Water, Homes, Fire Engines, and Bee Hives." Wonder (Orthodox Church in America) 2, no. 1 (January 15, 2011).
Bennett, Jamey. "After the Chrism Dries: A Field Guide to Your First Year as an Orthodox Christian." Simply Orthodox, August 2, 2026.
———. "Do Icons Break the Second Commandment?" Simply Orthodox.
———. "The Hitman, the Chalice, and the Trap of False Piety." Simply Orthodox, March 16, 2026. Source for Bishop Nikolai Soraich's account.
———. "Living the End in the Now." Simply Orthodox.
———. "The Mysteries: A Field Guide to the Sacraments of the Orthodox Church." Simply Orthodox, April 27, 2026.
———. "Navigating Orthodox Initiation: A Catechumen Roadmap." Simply Orthodox, March 6, 2025.
———. "On the Orthodox Veneration of Mary." Simply Orthodox.
———. "The Orthodox Church's Path to Lifelong Discipleship." Simply Orthodox, May 16, 2025.
———. "Orthodox Communion: A Boundary of Faith, Not a Barrier to Love." Simply Orthodox.
———. "A User's Guide to the Nicene Creed." Simply Orthodox.
Breck, John. "Why Not 'Open Communion'?" Orthodox Church in America, oca.org.
Bruce, F. F. The Canon of Scripture. Recommended reading; not cited in the entries.
Cabasilas, Nicholas. A Commentary on the Divine Liturgy.
Cassian, John. Conferences. NPNF2 11. (public domain)
———. Institutes. NPNF2 11. (public domain)
Catechism of the Catholic Church. 2nd ed. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1997.
Catholic Answers. "Did the Catholic Church Change the Ten Commandments?" catholic.com.
Catholic Encyclopedia, The. "Liturgy of the Mass." Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton, 1910. (public domain)
Chadwick, Henry. East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church. Oxford, 2003. Recommended reading; not cited in the entries.
Christodoulos, Archbishop of Athens. "Should Orthodox Christians Kneel on Sundays?" Translated by George Dion Dragas.
Chrysostom, John. See John Chrysostom.
Church of Greece, Holy Synod. Encyclical 2784. March 31, 2004.
Clement of Alexandria. The Instructor (Paedagogus). ANF 2, 1885. (public domain)
———. Stromata. Translated by William Wilson. ANF 2, 1885. (public domain)
CNEWA (Catholic Near East Welfare Association). "The Autocephalous Churches." cnewa.org.
Code of Canon Law. 1983.
Confession of Dositheus. Synod of Jerusalem, 1672.
Coniaris, Anthony M. Introducing the Orthodox Church: Its Faith and Life. Light & Life Publishing. Recommended reading; not cited in the entries.
Constantelos, Demetrios J. The Divine Liturgy.
Costa, Nathaniel G. "'Allegorical Typologies' of the Eucharist." Paper, 2007.
Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia. Resolution on the reception of converts. Montreal, September 1971. English text at rocorstudies.org.
Cyprian of Carthage. Epistles. ANF 5, 1886. Epistle 62 in ANF is Letter 63 in modern numbering. (public domain)
———. On the Lapsed. ANF 5, 1886. (public domain)
Cyril of Alexandria. Third Letter to Nestorius. NPNF2 14, 1900. (public domain)
Cyril of Jerusalem. Catechetical Lectures. Translated by Edwin Hamilton Gifford. NPNF2 7, 1894. (public domain)
———. Mystagogical Catecheses (also cited as Mystagogical Lectures). Translated by Edwin Hamilton Gifford. NPNF2 7, 1894. (public domain)
———. Procatechesis. Translated by Edwin Hamilton Gifford. NPNF2 7, 1894. (public domain)
Damick, Andrew Stephen. "No, the Paschal date difference is not about Passover (and other Orthodox urban legends)." Ancient Faith blogs, 2022.
Didache. ANF 7, 1886. (public domain)
Dionysius of Alexandria. Epistle to Basilides. ANF 6. (public domain)
Dragas, George Dion. "The Manner of Reception of Roman Catholic Converts into the Orthodox Church." Orthodox/Roman Catholic Dialogue, USA, 1998.
Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew. See Bartholomew, Ecumenical Patriarch.
Ecumenical Patriarchate. Communiqué of the 12th Academic Consultation between Judaism and Orthodox Christianity. Geneva, December 2025. ec-patr.org.
Ecumenical Patriarchate and IJCIC. Communiqué of the 11th Academic Consultation. Vienna, December 6, 2022.
Egeria. The Pilgrimage of Etheria. Translated by M. L. McClure and C. L. Feltoe. 1919. (public domain)
Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Eastern Orthodoxy: Orthodoxy under the Ottomans (1453–1821)."
Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Eastern Orthodoxy: The Church of Russia (1448–1800)."
Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East."
Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. "Benedictions." Jewish Virtual Library, jewishvirtuallibrary.org/benedictions.
Eusebius of Caesarea. Life of Constantine. NPNF2 1. (public domain)
Farley, Lawrence. Let Us Attend. Conciliar Press, 2007.
———. "A Papal Calendar?" Orthodox Church in America, oca.org.
Galadza, Daniel. Liturgy and Byzantinization in Jerusalem.
Germanus of Constantinople. On the Divine Liturgy. Translated, with an introduction, by Paul Meyendorff. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1984.
Getcha, Job. The Euchologion Unveiled: An Explanation of Byzantine Liturgical Practice. Yonkers, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
GOARCH. See Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.
Gogol, Nikolai. Meditations on the Divine Liturgy.
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. "Did You Know? Clean Monday." goarch.org/-/did-you-know-clean-monday-march-18.
———. "Establishment." goarch.org.
———. "Forms of Addresses and Salutations for Orthodox Clergy." https://www.goarch.org/-/forms-of-addresses-and-salutations-for-orthodox-clergy.
———. "Learn: Great and Holy Pascha." goarch.org.
———. "Light a Candle." goarch.org.
———. "Practical Steps." goarch.org.
———. "Religious Calendar: History and Development." goarch.org/-/the-calendar-of-the-orthodox-church.
———. Regulations of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. May 2025.
———. Yearbook. "Fasting" guidelines.
———, Department of Stewardship, Outreach & Evangelism. Outreach & Evangelism: Practical Steps.
Gregory the Theologian. Oration 45, The Second Oration on Easter. Translated by Charles Gordon Browne and James Edward Swallow. NPNF2 7, 1894. (public domain)
Gregory XIII. Inter gravissimas. 1582. (public domain)
Hapgood, Isabel Florence, comp. and trans. Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic (Greco-Russian) Church. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1906. (public domain)
Hatzidakis, Emmanuel. The Heavenly Banquet.
Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church (Crete, 2016). "Autonomy and the Means by Which It Is Proclaimed." orthodoxcouncil.org.
Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. Statement of October 15, 2018 (Minsk). Quoted in Patriarchal Parishes in the USA, news release. mospatusa.com/news_181015_7.
Holy Trinity Monastery, Jordanville. "About the Monastery." jordanville.org.
———. "Visitors Guide." jordanville.org.
Hopko, Thomas. The Orthodox Faith. Vol. 2, Worship. Orthodox Church in America, oca.org. Articles cited: "Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts," "Love and Faith," "Monasticism," "Prothesis" (https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/worship/the-divine-liturgy/prothesis), "Rememberances," "Small Entrance," "Vespers."
Ignatius IV, Patriarch of Antioch. "Lenten Message." Translated by Michel Najim. The Word, April 1999, 4–5.
Ignatius of Antioch. Epistle to the Ephesians. ANF 1, 1885. (public domain)
———. Epistle to the Smyrnaeans. ANF 1, 1885. (public domain)
Irenaeus of Lyons. Against Heresies. ANF 1, 1885. (public domain)
Jerome. Against Vigilantius. Translated by W. H. Fremantle. NPNF2 6, 1893. (public domain)
———. Preface to Judith. (public domain)
John Chrysostom. Catechetical Homily (the Paschal Homily). In Hapgood, Service Book, pp. 235–236. (public domain)
———. Exposition on Psalm 41 (Psalm 42 in English Bibles), with the expositions on Psalms 145 and 149. Greek text in PG 55; excerpts in English in Johnson, Worship in the Early Church, vol. 2.
———. Homilies on 1 Corinthians. NPNF1 12. (public domain)
———. Homilies on 2 Thessalonians. NPNF1 13, 1889. (public domain)
———. Homilies on Hebrews. NPNF1 14. (public domain)
———. Homilies on the Gospel of Matthew. NPNF1 10, 1888. (public domain)
———. Homilies on the Statues. NPNF1 9, 1889. (public domain)
———. On the Priesthood. Translated by W. R. W. Stephens. NPNF1 9, 1889. (public domain)
John of Damascus. Exposition of the Orthodox Faith. Translated by S. D. F. Salmond. NPNF2 9, 1899. (public domain)
———. On the Divine Images.
Johnson, Lawrence J. Worship in the Early Church. Vol. 2.
Joint Commission of the Theological Dialogue between the Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches. "Second Agreed Statement." Chambésy, Geneva, September 23–28, 1990.
Journey to Orthodoxy. "30th Anniversary." 2017. journeytoorthodoxy.com.
Justin Martyr. First Apology. Translated by Marcus Dods and George Reith. ANF 1, 1885. (public domain)
———. Second Apology. ANF 1, 1885. (public domain)
Justinian. Novel 137 (565). Translated by S. P. Scott. In The Civil Law, vol. 17. Cincinnati: Central Trust Company, 1932.
Kelly, J. N. D. Early Christian Doctrines.
Kishkovsky, Leonid. "After 80-plus Years, the Moscow Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia Reconcile." Orthodox Church in America, oca.org, 2007.
Krindatch, Alexei, ed. Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Monasteries. Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2016.
———. Go and Make Disciples: Evangelization and Outreach in US Orthodox Parishes. Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the USA, 2017.
Lactantius. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died. ANF 7, 1886. (public domain)
Ladouceur, Paul. "Review Article: Orthodox Theologies of the Afterlife." St Vladimir's Theological Quarterly 62, no. 1 (2018).
Lardas, George. "The Old Calendar Movement in Greece: An Historical Survey." ROCOR Studies.
Library of Congress. National Recording Registry essay on Rachmaninoff's All-Night Vigil.
Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940.
Mark of Ephesus. Refutation of the Latin Chapters concerning Purgatorial Fire. Florence, 1438.
Martyrdom of Polycarp. ANF 1, 1885. (public domain)
Mateos, Juan. La célébration de la parole dans la liturgie byzantine. Cited through Taft, "How Liturgies Grow."
Mathewes-Green, Frederica. Welcome to the Orthodox Church. Paraclete Press, 2015. Recommended reading; not cited in the entries.
Mavropoulos, Demetrios. Passing Through the Church: Catechism Lessons for Adults. Hebron, NH: Newfound Publishing.
Maximus the Confessor. Mystagogy (The Church's Mystagogy).
Metropolitan Cantor Institute (Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh). "The Divine Liturgy: The Readings."
Meyendorff, Paul. See Germanus of Constantinople.
Mother Mary and Kallistos Ware, trans. The Lenten Triodion. London: Faber and Faber, 1978.
Namee, Matthew. "Organs in Greek Orthodox churches." Orthodox History (OrthodoxHistory.org), 2009.
———. "Pews (or lack thereof) in early Orthodox churches." Orthodox History (OrthodoxHistory.org), December 9, 2009.
OCA. See Orthodox Church in America.
Online Etymology Dictionary. Edited by Douglas Harper. etymonline.com.
Origen. On Prayer. Translated by William A. Curtis. Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
Orthodox Church in America. "1st Sunday of Great Lent: Sunday of Orthodoxy." Lives of the Saints. oca.org.
———. "Akathists." Liturgics and Translations, Music Downloads. oca.org.
———. "Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the USA." Directory entry. oca.org.
———. "Autocephaly (4 of 20)." Questions and Answers. oca.org.
———. "Catechumens depart." Questions and Answers. oca.org.
———. "Come Celebrate the Feast: The Theophany or Epiphany." Pamphlet. oca.org.
———. "Communion in Roman Catholic Church." Questions and Answers. oca.org.
———. "Communion Questions." Questions and Answers. oca.org.
———. "Equals of the Apostles and Teachers of the Slavs, Cyril and Methodius." Lives of the Saints. oca.org.
———. "A History and Introduction of the Orthodox Church in America." oca.org.
———. "Holy Great Prince Vladimir, Equal of the Apostles." Lives of the Saints. oca.org.
———. "Holy Saturday." oca.org.
———. "Icons of the Twelve Great Feasts." oca.org.
———. Lives of the Saints. Entry for the first Saturday of Lent (Saint Theodore the Recruit). oca.org.
———. "Memorial Day pilgrimage to mark centennial of North America's oldest Orthodox Christian monastery." 2005. oca.org.
———. "Musical Instruments." Questions and Answers. oca.org.
———. "New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia." Lives of the Saints. oca.org.
———. Obituary of Archpriest Peter Gillquist. 2012. oca.org.
———. The Orthodox Faith. Vol. 3, Church History. "The Establishment of the Rum Millet." oca.org.
———. "Prosphora for Ill and Departed." Questions and Answers. https://www.oca.org/questions/deathfunerals/prosphora-for-ill-and-departed.
———. "Questions & Answers: Cremation." oca.org.
———. "Questions on the Sacraments." Questions and Answers. oca.org.
———. "Receiving Communion." Questions and Answers. oca.org.
———. "Repose of Saint Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow, Enlightener of North America." Lives of the Saints. oca.org.
———. "Saint Alexis Toth." North American Saints. oca.org.
———. "Saint Mark, Archbishop of Ephesus." Lives of the Saints. oca.org.
———. "Saint Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles, Enlightener of Georgia." Lives of the Saints. oca.org.
———. "Saint Raphael of Brooklyn." North American Saints. oca.org.
———. "Saint Savva I, First Archbishop of Serbia." Lives of the Saints. oca.org.
———. "Saint Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem." Lives of the Saints. oca.org.
———. Statute of the Orthodox Church in America.
———. "Venerable John of Damascus." Lives of the Saints. oca.org.
———, Diocese of New York and New Jersey. Concerning Marriage: Archpastoral Guidelines. Updated August 30, 2016. nynjoca.org.
———, Holy Synod. "On Confession and Communion." 1972.
———, Holy Synod. "Synodal Affirmations on Marriage, Family, Sexuality, and the Sanctity of Life." Tenth All-American Council, Miami, July 1992. oca.org.
Orthodox Metropolis of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia (Ecumenical Patriarchate). "Friday of the Akathistos Hymn." omhksea.org/archives/4257.
Orthodox Times. Report on the Orthodox Church of Ukraine's 2023 calendar change.
OrthodoxWiki. "Julian Calendar." orthodoxwiki.org.
OrthodoxWiki. "Litany of the Catechumens." orthodoxwiki.org.
Patriarchate of Antioch. "The Paraklesis: Supplication Prayer to the Mother of God." antiochpatriarchate.org/en/page/677.
Paul VI and Athenagoras I. Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration. December 7, 1965. vatican.va.
Percival, Henry R., ed. The Seven Ecumenical Councils. NPNF2 14, 1900. Cited for the Apostolic Canons; the canons of Ancyra, Gangra, Antioch and Laodicea; and the creeds, definitions, letters and canons of the seven councils and the Council in Trullo. (public domain)
Pius IX. Ineffabilis Deus. 1854. (public domain)
Pliny the Younger. Letters 10.96. Fordham Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
Prokurat, Michael. "I'm New Here." Orthodox Church in America, oca.org.
Qur'an, The. Sahih International translation. legacy.quran.com.
Rachmaninoff, Sergei. All-Night Vigil, Op. 37.
Rudder (Pedalion), The. Translated by D. Cummings. Cited from the section "Canons of the Holy Fathers" (the canons of Basil, Dionysius of Alexandria, Timothy of Alexandria and others, with interpretations), the notes on spiritual kinship, and "Instructions Concerning Marriages."
Russian Orthodox Church. Basis of the Social Concept. 2000.
———. "On the Participation of the Faithful in the Eucharist." Approved at the Hierarchal Consultation, February 2–3, 2015.
Sayings of the Desert Fathers.
Schmemann, Alexander. For the Life of the World: Sacraments and Orthodoxy. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
———. Great Lent.
———. Introduction to Liturgical Theology. Translated by Asheleigh E. Moorhouse. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
———. O Death, Where Is Thy Sting?
Schulz, Hans-Joachim. The Byzantine Liturgy: Symbolic Structure and Faith Expression. Translated by Matthew J. O'Connell.
SCOBA. Pastoral Letter on Suicide. May 23, 2007.
Shanbour, Michael. Know the Faith. Ancient Faith, 2016. Recommended reading; not cited in the entries.
Sozomen. Church History. Translated by Chester D. Hartranft. NPNF2 2, 1890. (public domain)
Stavros, Christina. "Christ Our Ison." Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, goarch.org. Quotes Stathis.
Symeon of Thessalonica. Explanation of the Divine Temple.
Taft, Robert F. The Great Entrance: A History of the Transfer of Gifts and Other Preanaphoral Rites of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom. Orientalia Christiana Analecta 200. Rome: Pontifical Oriental Institute.
———. "How Liturgies Grow: The Evolution of the Byzantine Divine Liturgy." Orientalia Christiana Periodica 43 (1977): 355–77.
———. "Was the Eucharistic Anaphora Recited Secretly or Aloud?" 2006.
Tertullian. Ad Nationes. ANF 3, 1885. (public domain)
———. Apology. ANF 3, 1885. (public domain)
———. On Baptism. ANF 3, 1885. (public domain)
Thirty-Nine Articles. 1571. (public domain)
Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia. "Episode 1: 1646 Union of Uzhhorod." A Church of Witness. ukrcatholic.org.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Mount Athos." List no. 454. whc.unesco.org.
Vasileios, Archimandrite. Hymn of Entry: Liturgy and Life in the Orthodox Church.
Ware, Timothy (Kallistos). The Orthodox Church. 3rd ed. London: Penguin, 2015.
Westminster Confession of Faith. 1646. (public domain)
Whiteford, John. "Secret Prayers." OrthoChristian, 2017.
Wiktionary. wiktionary.org.
Williams, Benjamin D., and Harold B. Anstall. Orthodox Worship.
World Council of Churches and Middle East Council of Churches. Towards a Common Date for Easter. Aleppo, 1997.
Zonaras, John. Commentary on Apostolic Canon 7. Translated by Roger Pearse. roger-pearse.com.